Noise pollution is increasingly becoming a pervasive issue in Africa’s urban landscapes. Often overshadowed by other forms of pollution, such as air and water, noise pollution is gradually establishing itself as a significant problem, particularly in urban and industrial areas, with profound implications for public health, well-being, and environmental sustainability.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognises noise pollution as a serious health hazard. It is considered the third most harmful environmental factor in large and industrial cities, prompting the Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) to set a time-weighted average (TWA) limit of 90 dBA for an 8-hour workday exposure. Similarly, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) sets its noise exposure limit at 85 dBA.
According to research by Nomfundo Moroe and Paballo Mabaso (2022), road traffic, construction, businesses, airports, and industrial and residential areas are the primary contributors to noise pollution in urban settings, with road traffic being the leading cause. Major cities such as Lagos, Nairobi, Johannesburg, and Cairo, all characterised by large populations and bustling economic activities, experience particularly high levels of noise pollution.
In Lagos, Nigeria’s largest city, the constant roar of motorbikes, buses, and taxis frequently exceeds WHO recommendations. Similarly, in Nairobi, the rapid urbanisation and prevalence of informal settlements have resulted in relentless traffic noise, construction sounds, and the clamour of street vendors, creating excessive noise levels.
Africa’s ongoing industrialisation has further exacerbated the problem. As the continent engages more in manufacturing, mining, power generation, and construction, noise pollution from machinery, engines, and processing plants becomes a persistent issue. Communities living near industrial zones are particularly affected, with the sounds of industrial operations contributing significantly to the noise burden.
Despite appearing harmless, noise pollution ranks as the third most harmful factor in large cities, leading to numerous health complications. Globally, it is estimated that over one million life years are lost annually due to traffic-related noise. Although noise pollution leaves no immediate physical evidence, except for conditions like tinnitus, its long-term effects are substantial. Traffic noise has been linked to premature death, cardiovascular diseases, sleep disturbances, stress, aggression, and reduced productivity (Moroe & Mabaso, 2022).
Addressing noise pollution in Africa requires a comprehensive strategy involving policy interventions, public awareness campaigns, and community engagement. South Africa, for instance, has taken steps to combat noise pollution through regulations and enforcement, with its National Environmental Management Act aiming to mitigate noise from industrial and residential sources.
However, the enforcement of such laws across Africa remains a significant challenge. Raising public awareness about the harmful effects of noise pollution and promoting quieter practices are crucial steps. Simple solutions, such as improved urban planning, the installation of noise barriers, and the use of quieter machinery, could have a meaningful impact.
As urbanisation and industrialisation continue to accelerate across Africa, the issue of noise pollution is set to worsen. Addressing it will require coordinated efforts from governments, industries, and local communities. Incorporating noise pollution control into broader environmental and health policies is vital to fostering sustainable development on the continent.
