The global governance system has long been championed as a mechanism to address transnational challenges. However, for Africa—a continent rich in potential yet burdened by historical and structural inequities—it often feels like an afterthought in the corridors of international power. The question is no longer whether Africa should be at the table, but how to ensure its presence translates into tangible benefits for its people.
The international governance system, as embodied by institutions such as the United Nations (UN), World Bank, and International Monetary Fund (IMF), has not always fulfilled its promises to Africa. Although Africa comprises 54 countries and accounts for nearly 28% of the UN General Assembly, its influence remains marginal in key decision-making processes such as the UN Security Council, where only five countries hold permanent, veto-wielding seats.
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Economic participation in global governance tells a similar story. Africa contributes less than 4% to global GDP yet bears a disproportionate debt burden, with countries such as Ghana and Zambia struggling under external debt often tied to restrictive conditions. This imbalance underscores the need for a governance system that reflects Africa’s realities, opportunities, and challenges.
In the symphony of global governance, Africa’s voice often resembles a whisper struggling to be heard over the crescendos of more dominant players. This imbalance calls for systemic changes, akin to redistributing the musical score so that all sections, including Africa, can harmonise effectively.
Multilateral institutions such as the IMF and World Bank have initiated reforms, but more is needed. According to a 2022 Brookings report, while Africa is home to over 16% of the global population, its voting power in the IMF stands at just 6%. Structural changes to these institutions are crucial to enable African nations to advocate for policies that reflect their development priorities, from infrastructure funding to debt restructuring.
The IMF’s Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), allocated in 2021, provided a glimpse of progress, with $33 billion directed to African nations. Yet, critics argue that these allocations are insufficient, particularly when compared to the $650 billion issued globally. A more equitable SDR redistribution could provide African countries with the fiscal space needed to invest in health, education, and renewable energy.
Debt Sustainability: A Looming Shadow
Africa’s debt crisis epitomises the shortcomings of the global governance system. More than 22 African nations are either in debt distress or at high risk. Innovative mechanisms such as debt-for-climate swaps, which exchange debt relief for investments in green projects, are gaining traction. For instance, Seychelles successfully piloted such a programme, protecting its marine biodiversity while reducing its debt burden.
Climate Change
Africa contributes less than 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions yet bears the brunt of climate change, from desertification in the Sahel to flooding in Mozambique. The global governance system must prioritise climate justice by ensuring developed nations fulfil their $100 billion annual climate finance pledge. Additionally, initiatives such as the African Climate Summit, hosted in Kenya in 2023, highlight the continent’s proactive stance in shaping global climate policy.
Trade and Economic Growth
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) represents a beacon of hope for intra-African trade, which currently stands at a mere 18%, compared to 58% in Asia and 68% in Europe. By reducing tariffs and streamlining trade processes, AfCFTA could boost Africa’s combined GDP by $450 billion by 2035, according to the World Bank. However, global governance systems must support this initiative through fair trade policies and capacity-building programmes.
Technology and Innovation
Africa’s technological landscape is evolving rapidly, with startups across the continent attracting $4.85 billion in funding in 2022—a tenfold increase from 2015. To harness this potential, global governance systems should facilitate technology transfer, capacity building, and infrastructure development. Programmes such as the UN’s “Digital Cooperation Roadmap” are a step in the right direction but require stronger implementation.
Way Forward: A New Global Compact
The path to a fairer global governance system requires more than reforms; it demands a paradigm shift. Africa’s leaders must unite in their advocacy, leveraging regional bodies such as the African Union (AU) to negotiate as a bloc. Meanwhile, developed nations must recognise that a prosperous Africa is not just a moral imperative but an economic and geopolitical necessity.
The global governance system, much like a puzzle, remains incomplete without Africa’s full and equitable participation. By amplifying Africa’s voice and addressing systemic inequities, the international community can turn the current whisper into a resounding melody that benefits all.
